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Research Roundup: New drug push for three tropical diseases, new injection method improves TB vaccine efficacy, and breakthrough in developing antimalarials

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PATH/Patrick McKern

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week.

January 6, 2020 by Ansley Kahn & Julien Rashid

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign-up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. 

A team of Brazilian researchers are leading an international consortium to discover new drug candidates for malaria, visceral leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease. The organizations involved in the consortium include FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation), Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, and the University of São Paulo. The consortium has received US$10.7 million from the participating organizations for the next five years and will prioritize selecting and training researchers from São Paulo and investing inA new study has found that delivering the BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) tuberculosis (TB) vaccine intravenously better protected monkeys against infection than the standard administration method of injecting it into the skin. The BCG vaccine, which is the only licensed TB vaccine, is effective in preventing early-childhood forms of TB but provides limited protection against pulmonary TB, the dominant form in adults. Researchers have suspected that delivering the vaccine via other routes of administration, such as inhaled aerosolized vaccine or IV, could improve efficacy. In this study, researchers used rhesus macaque monkeys to compare the potency of intravenous needle injection to aerosolized and intradermal routes of vaccine delivery. Remarkably, nine of the ten monkeys that received the intravenous injection were highly protected from exposure to TB six months after vaccination—and six of the monkeys showed no signs of exposure. local institutions. DNDi and MMV will provide frameworks and resources for drug discovery, including MMV’s database of molecules.

A new study has found that delivering the BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) tuberculosis (TB) vaccine intravenously better protected monkeys against infection than the standard administration method of injecting it into the skin. The BCG vaccine, which is the only licensed TB vaccine, is effective in preventing early-childhood forms of TB but provides limited protection against pulmonary TB, the dominant form in adults. Researchers have suspected that delivering the vaccine via other routes of administration, such as inhaled aerosolized vaccine or IV, could improve efficacy. In this study, researchers used rhesus macaque monkeys to compare the potency of intravenous needle injection to aerosolized and intradermal routes of vaccine delivery. Remarkably, nine of the ten monkeys that received the intravenous injection were highly protected from exposure to TB six months after vaccination—and six of the monkeys showed no signs of exposure.

Researchers at the Institut Pasteur and the Centre national de la recherche scientifique have discovered a new route for developing antimalarial drugs. In studying the Plasmodium parasite and its ability to adapt between host environments in humans and mosquitoes throughout its life cycle, the researchers realized they could exploit this adaptability. The parasite uses a process called DNA methylation to modify which genes are expressed during different stages of its life cycle in humans and mosquitoes. The researchers tested 70 methylation-inhibiting molecules and found many that were effective, including some that killed the parasite within hours. The researchers also found that the most promising molecules were able to kill artemisinin-resistant malaria strains. This research could lead to new treatments in the future against treatment-resistant malaria strains.

Categories: Malaria, NTDs, Tuberculosis, Vaccines

About the authors

Ansley KahnGHTC

Ansley Kahn is a senior program assistant at GHTC who supports GHTC's communications and member engagement activities.

Julien RashidGHTC

Julien manages congressional outreach, policy development, and legislative analysis to support the US advocacy work of the coalition. In this capacity, he serves as GHTC’s primary liaison with Congress and helps develop strategies to advance the coalition’s legislative priorities. Before joining the Global Health Technologies Coalition, Julien was an associate at FasterCures, a center of the Milken Institute, where he supported the organization’s programs on economic incentives, health data, and patient-centric biomedical research. Julien graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison with a double major in molecular biology and community and environmental sociology. He also has a certificate (minor) in global health. He is currently pursuing a Master of Public Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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Research Roundup: New coronavirus in China, app to detect and identify mosquitoes, and single dose...

Written by Ansley Kahn / GHTC
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Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign-up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email.  Last week, Chinese authorities confirmed that a previously unidentified lung infection that affected 59 people in the city of Wuhan in December is a novel coronavirus—a member of a family of viruses that jump from animals to humans. To date, only six coronaviruses have ever been identified in humans, so the emergence of a new one may be cause for concern. Coronaviruses are fairly common and cause upper respiratory tract illnesses with mild to moderate symptoms, such as colds and coughs. However, two coronaviruses have proven to be particularly deadly— severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The major focus of Chinese authorities will be to identify how easily the virus is transmitted from person to person, though right now it does not yet appear to be easily spreading. Information on the new virus in China is limited as preliminary tests have only been carried out on 15 patients.Scientists at Oxford University and the Royal Botanic Kew Gardens have developed a smartphone app to detect and differentiate disease-carrying mosquitoes using the acoustic signature of their flight tone. The app, Humbug, records the time and location at which the insect was identified, along with the mosquito flight tone and uploads the data to a central server where the species is identified using a suite of algorithms. This new technology provides researchers the ability to quickly upload, analyze, and share large amounts of data showing where mosquitoes can be found—a historically difficult process that requires trained mosquito experts to trap the insects and evaluate them under microscopes to identify the species. Thus, some countries have only a handful of samples measuring the prevalence of mosquitoes. Once mosquito distribution has been measured, this data can be compared with rainfall and temperature patterns to allow researchers to study and predict what causes the insect to spread and multiply. Humbug is currently being trialed in Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.For the first time, primate research shows that a single dose of an antibody-based treatment can prevent HIV transmission from mother to child; however, timing of the dose is key. A study evaluating rhesus macaque monkey newborns found that they did not develop the monkey form of HIV, SHIV, after receiving a combination of two antibodies 30 hours after being exposed to the virus. In comparison, delayed treatment until 48 hours after exposure to the virus resulted in half of the baby macaques developing SHIV when they were given four smaller doses of the same antibody cocktail. The study also found that newborns who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) remained SHIV-free when they started a three-week regimen of that therapy 48 hours after exposure—suggesting a much shorter course of ART given after exposure could prevent transmission. Next, researchers plan to see if different antibodies, or a combination of antibodies and ART, could be even more effective in preventing HIV transmission from mother to child, and also aim to determine if the antibodies actually eliminate HIV or only prevent it from replicating.
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December 23, 2019

Research Roundup: FDA approves Ebola vaccine, experimental vaccine patch leaves a mark, masquerading virus for...

Written by Ansley Kahn / GHTC
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Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign-up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved an Ebola vaccine developed by Merck, making it the first Ebola vaccine to be approved in the United States. Merck’s vaccine, Ervebo, protects against the Zaire strain of the virus, which has been the most common cause of Ebola outbreaks and is responsible for the current outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The decision by FDA to approve Ervebo follows the European Commission’s decision to license the vaccine last month. In securing approval by FDA, Merck also qualifies for a tropical disease priority review voucher. Merck announced it has also submitted Ervebo for approval to regulatory authorities in a number of African countries at risk of having Ebola outbreaks. The vaccine has also been prequalified by the World Health Organization, which could speed up regulatory approval in African countries.Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed a microneedle patch that, when applied to a person’s skin, can simultaneously deliver a vaccine and embed a record of the vaccine using a pattern of fluorescent nanocrystals. The vaccine record, written in quantum dots that emit near-infrared light that is invisible to the naked eye but readable by a modified smartphone, does not require a link to a database and is not tied to any personal information. This device could help fill a gap in medical record keeping, especially in developing countries where resources to properly document immunizations may be lacking. Still in the prototype stage, the technology has been tested in the skin of human cadavers exposed to a simulated five years of sunlight, and its efficacy at delivering polio vaccine has been confirmed in rats. Further feasibility and human trials will be needed.Researchers at the University of Queensland and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute have discovered that a virus can be “masqueraded” to resemble other viruses to help develop new, more effective vaccines against mosquito-borne diseases. The Binjari virus, which affects mosquitoes but is harmless to humans, can have its surface manipulated, so that it resembles other viruses. When these “chimera” Binjari virus cells are then used in vaccines, they prompt an immune response for the virus they are imitating without causing harm from that virus. This chimera virus is also much safer to work with compared to live viruses, which risk breaking biocontainment protocols during research and vaccine production. Researchers also noted that the Binjari virus is easy to re-dress, meaning scientists could quickly develop chimera viruses, reducing the time it takes to respond to an outbreak. Developing safe and effective vaccines for mosquito-borne viruses would be a major scientific breakthrough as vaccine coverage for this disease group is currently very limited.