Research Roundup: What we’re reading this week

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. Joanne Carter—executive director of RESULTS Education Fund—writes about the negative impact the proposed fiscal year (FY) 2015 federal budgets cuts could have on the development of new treatments for tuberculosis (TB). The President’s FY 2015 budget has proposed a $45 million cut—or 19 percent reduction—to the US Agency for International Development’s TB budget. On the occasion of the first meeting on the world’s Global Health Security Agenda this week, Tom Frieden—director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)—and Andy Weber—assistant secretary of defense—wrote a feature on CNN about why global health security matters to the US. They highlight the $40 million commitment by CDC and the Department of Defense to enable its 12 partner countries to strengthen their ability to prevent, detect, and effectively respond to infectious disease threats worldwide. The International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM) announced this week that it has received the exclusive worldwide rights to dapivirine—a promising HIV prevention medicine—from Janssen R&D Ireland, one of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. This represents an expansion of IPM’s existing rights to develop, manufacture, and bring to market dapivrine-based products for women in resource-poor countries. The Washington Post Innovations Blog notes five reasons why we should be worried about the future of American innovation. It discusses how unstable and inadequate spending on research and development will stymie the future of scientific research and innovation. This week, the Council of the European Union approved the participation of the European Union in the second program of the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership. The second program will support all stages of clinical trials, from Phase I to IV, for HIV and AIDS, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases. The Washington Post Editorial Board argues that time is short to address antibiotic resistance in response to the World Health Organization’s warning last week that resistance to antibiotics has become a “major threat to public health.” The article notes that the overuse of antibiotics has bred drug resistance and that few new antibiotics are in the development pipeline to remedy the problem.

In this guest post, Ambassador Michael W. Marine, CEO of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, writes about his organization’s 20th Anniversary Scientific Symposium event. In a fitting way to kick off World Immunization Week, several hundred people gathered Friday, April 25th to celebrate significant achievements in vaccinology over the past two decades and to examine solutions for overcoming remaining hurdles at the Sabin Vaccine Institute’s (Sabin) 20th Anniversary Scientific Symposium. Hosted at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in Washington, DC, it was an energized room filled with visionary leaders from humanitarian and health organizations, nongovernmental organizations, pharmaceutical companies, and academia. Sabin’s President Dr. Peter Hotez opened the event by asking, “What do the next twenty years look like for product development and access to vaccine and medicines? What is the outlook for meeting ambitious global health objectives?” PAHO Director Dr. Carissa Etienne then highlighted the remarkable successes in the Americas for the past 20 years. By this March, “17 countries and territories … had added the rotavirus vaccine to their vaccination schedules, 28 had (introduced) the pneumococcal vaccine and 20 the [HPV] vaccine.” Country ownership is nearly complete, with “more than 95 percent of vaccines purchased with national funds.” Still, PAHO Member States are working to ensure that municipal vaccination coverage reaches 95 percent or higher everywhere. From left to right: Dr. Carissa F. Etienne, PAHO; Dr. Donald A. Henderson; Dr. Ciro de Quadros, Sabin; Dr. Anthony Fauci, NIAID; and Dr. Jon K. Andrus, PAHO. Credit: PAHO Dr. Ciro de Quadros, Sabin’s executive vice president, explained how Sabin “is guided by an unwavering belief: Lasting health solutions that benefit every person in a country can only truly be achieved when that nation supports health interventions out of its own budget; builds technical expertise; and maps its health priorities.” He added that in addition to quickening the pace of country and regional adoption of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), “integration and cooperation are areas (where) we could all do better.” Via videoconference, Dr. Julio Frenk, dean of the Harvard School of Public Health, shared reflections on the evolution of global health and vaccination. He urged partners to consider how resources could be allocated more efficiently, prioritizing spending where there is the greatest need and where it will have the greatest impact. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of GAVI, explained its co-financing model, which “is about building ownership, building sustainability, and ensuring advocacy.” GAVI has notably “immunized 440,000,000 additional children and averted 6,000,000 future deaths.” Addressing vaccine research technologies, Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health stressed “the incomparable effects of vaccinology.” He shared some inadequacies of following natural immunity for diseases like HIV and influenza and how scientists are identifying new development techniques for vaccine-based solutions. Adding to the day’s excitement, Sabin’s Dr. de Quadros received PAHO’s highest honor, the Public Health Heroes of the Americas award. On behalf of PAHO, Dr. Etienne stated, “No single person has done more to extend the benefits of immunization in the Americas” than Dr. de Quadros, whose “vision, scientific acumen, undaunted courage, and boundless energy” played a central role in smallpox and polio eradication in the Americas, and the creation of PAHO’s Revolving Fund. Dr. Etienne commented that Dr. de Quadros is a “force for good in the region and in the world;” we at Sabin who work with him each day couldn’t agree more. Dr. de Quadros then chaired a panel focused on how organizations are advancing the GVAP: Dr. Jon Andrus, deputy director of PAHO, recognized that capacity development and assistance with “making evidence-based decisions,” for instance through PAHO’s ProVac Initiative, are essential. Dr. Mickey Chopra, chief of health at UNICEF, underscoring its importance noted “the critical window we have on the GVAP … If we succeed now, the trajectory will be completely different than if we fail.” Manufacturing capacity and technology transfers, along with sustainable financing, such as Sabin’s Sustainable Immunization Financing program, will accelerate progress. Dr. Julie Gerberding, president of Merck Vaccines and representing the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, spoke about the challenges facing manufacturers, such as competing priorities and shrinking research and development bases. She urged we “collectively think about and solve for” these issues. Dr. Mahendra Suhardono, marketing director at Biofarma representing the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network, explained how the 40 manufacturers in this network are working to take action against many diseases. Dr. Lance Gordon, director for neglected infectious diseases in the Global Health Program at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, commented on the Foundation’s commitment to tackling neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and spotlighted the recent conference in Paris where $240 million was committed toward fulfilling the London Declaration. Delivering a powerful video message, Dr. Margaret Chan, director-general of the World Health Organization, stated, “countries must lead... they deserve to have the first say about priorities.” Despite a need to streamline and simplify programs, increase sustainable financing, and help people understand the value of vaccines, “the future of immunization looks bright.” This was truly a memorable event, and we hope that through continued collaboration and the commitment of our diverse partners, collectively, we can realize lasting improvements. As Morton Hyman, Sabin’s chairman, closed the symposium, he tasked us with asking ourselves, “how we can do better, how we can challenge the status quo and look at smarter, more collaborative, more efficient models to deliver the gift of good health to all people.” With 20 years of achievements behind us, Sabin looks forward to many years ahead filled with more success in reducing needless human suffering.