Breakthroughs Blog: Research Roundup

As people across the globe celebrate World TB Day this week, several groups are highlighting the fact that the current tools to prevent, test, and treat tuberculosis (TB) are greatly outdated. The world has been “beyond antiquated in our approach” to developing new TB tools. That is how Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health, described a not-so-bygone era in the history of TB research and development (R&D). Fauci was speaking at a briefing organized by the Critical Path to TB Drug Regimensin partnership with the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance), US Agency for International Development (USAID), NIAID, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). During the event, representatives from key US government agencies made the case for the urgent need for new technologies in the TB toolkit. “It can’t take 40 years for us to get our next TB drug,” Janet Woodcock, director of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research stated, highlighting one of the lesser known facts about TB—that the newest drug was approved over 40 years ago. “We need to capitalize on the momentum we have,” she added. Many current TB drugs are toxic and have serious interactions with other medicines, and most regimens take over six months to complete. The disease kills 1.4 million people and infects 8.8 million each year. As people across the globe celebrate World TB Day this week, several groups are highlighting the fact that the current tools to prevent, test, and treat TB are greatly outdated. Photo credit: PATH Joining Fauci and Woodcock were Robert Clay, deputy assistant administrator for Global Health at USAID; Mel Spigelman, CEO of the TB Alliance; and Christine Lubinski, vice-president for Global Health at the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). All speakers stressed the urgent need to conduct R&D for new and improved TB prevention and treatment options. They also lauded the use of partnerships between non-profit organizations, private pharmaceutical companies, and US Government agencies in the development of new drugs and other technologies. Fortunately, the TB Alliance, a GHTC member and product development partnership (PDP), announced the launch of a new combination drug trial that could pave the way for the next generation in TB treatment approaches. The group has launched stage II trials for NC-002—a novel drug regimen combining a well-known generic TB drug with two new drug candidates. The trials will take place in South Africa, Tanzania, and Brazil, and results will be known in roughly a year. This trial is also the very first of its kind. It will test both patients with ‘drug sensitive’ TB, who do respond to current treatments, along with patients with multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB), who do not respond well to currently available treatment, to determine differences in the groups’ response to the new drug regimen. As Spigelman outlined, the potential impact of this trial is immense—it could reduce the costs of treating MDR-TB by 90 percent, as well as decrease treatment time by over 80 percent. This exciting news in TB drug development follows closely on the heels of new funding for new prevention tools. Last week, GHTC member Aeras announced that it received a grantfrom the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation of up to $220 million over five years to conduct R&D for new TB vaccines. Aeras stressed that it is developing new TB vaccines against the backdrop of a significant increase in drug-resistant strains of the disease worldwide. Additionally, today Aeras—along with the TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative and the STOP TB Partnership—also announced a new blueprint for TB vaccine development. "To develop a new TB vaccine that will be fully effective, researchers, donors, and other partners will need to collaborate and coordinate their efforts as they address tough research questions," said Dr. Lucica Ditiu, executive secretary of the Stop TB Partnership. "We cannot allow ourselves to be overwhelmed by either the costs or the obstacles. It is time to be bold and dare to do more in TB, especially in supporting the development of a new vaccine." As we recognize World TB Day, the need for new and better prevention, diagnostic, and treatment options for the disease is clearer than ever before. And it’s encouraging that GHTC members like Aeras and the TB Alliance—along with many other partners—are at the forefront of R&D efforts to create these desperately needed health tools.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. As the international community marks World TB Day, GHTC members Aeras and the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development announced research projects for new tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment tools. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Francis Collins testified at a Congressional hearing on the agency’s budget. Collins emphasized NIH’s commitment to fund basic biomedical research as the agency’s highest priority. Rajiv Shah, head of the US Agency for International Development, was also on Capitol Hill this week to discuss the agency’s budget with members of Congress. "While foreign assistance represents less than one percent of our budget, we are committed to improving our efficiency and maximizing the value of every dollar," Shah said at the hearing. Alberto Gutierrez—director of the Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation and Safety at the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health—writes about how the FDA is helping to improve access to TB diagnostic tools.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. Rajiv Shah, administrator for the US Agency for International Development (USAID), has released his second annual letter, outlining major issues and initiatives that have shaped the agency since its inception 50 years ago. In the letter, Shah emphasizes the role of science, technology, and innovation in meeting USAID’s international health goals. The Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative has received an award from the Wellcome Trust to develop a promising drug to treat Chagas disease being tested in adult patients in Bolivia. The National Institutes of Health and the pharmaceutical firm Eli Lilly and Company have announced that they will produce a publicly available resource to profile the effects of thousands of approved and investigational medicines. The resource aims to make drug development pipelines more productive and efficient. The winner of New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof’s 2012 Win-a-Trip Contest names global health technologies as her passion.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. Kayla Laserson, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Field Research Station in Kenya, writes about why US support for global health research is so critical. Investigators gave more detail about the positive results from the Partners PrEP Study at the 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Seattle this week. The study found that antiretroviral treatment can prevent HIV transmission in couples where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative. Brazil’s National Health Surveillance Agency recently granted registration of a new child-friendly dosage of benznidazole, a treatment for Chagas disease. The dosage was developed through a partnership between the Pernambuco State Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Brazil and the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative. The University of Dundee has received funding from the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline to research some of the world's neglected tropical diseases, including Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness.